| United States v. Pineda-Moreno | |
|---|---|
| Court | United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit |
| Full case name | United States of America v. Juan Pineda-Moreno |
| Date decided | January 11, 2010 |
| Judge(s) sitting | Diarmuid F. O'Scannlain, N. Randy Smith, and Charles R. Wolle |
United States v. Pineda-Moreno was a 2010 Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals case regarding the use of GPS devices. The court ruled that a placing a GPS tracking device a personal vehicle without a warrant did not violate a suspect's Fourth Amendment rights, even if the vehicle was parked in the defendant's driveway at the time the device was placed.
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Juan Pineda-Moreno came under suspicion by the Drug Enforcement Agency after he was spotted purchasing a number of supplies used in the production of marijuana. During their four-month investigation of Pineda-Moreno, the agents repeatedly placed GPS tracking devices on the undercarriage of his car. On most of these occasions, the agents placed the device while the vehicle was parked in a public area, but on two occasions, the car was parked in the defendant's driveway, and the agents entered his property between 4 and 5 am in order to place the device.
The court ruled that, because the devices were not used to intrude into a Constitutionally protected area, their use did not constitute an impermissible search. Furthermore, the device did not allow what would otherwise be an impermissible or impossible search to take place, and instead allowed law enforcement to act more efficiently.
The court also ruled that intruding into the defendant's driveway did not make the search any more intrusive or impermissible, as the driveway “is only a semi private area.” Since the driveway is visible from the street, and serves as an entrance to the house for those who might, for example, deliver a newspaper to the house, there is no expectation of privacy in the area.
When Pineda-Moreno's appealed for a rehearing en banc was denied, Chief Judge Kozinski wrote a dissent discussing the merits of his argument, and was joined by three other judges. The majority of the opinion is devoted to expressing concern that the court has so limited the privacy enjoyed within the area of the home, noting that just because an uninvited child might run into a private individual's driveway does not mean that the police automatically gain that privilege. He also argues that poor people are often unable to place the protections, such as an electronic fence or closed underground garage, around one's private parking area that the court would require in order to gain privacy in such an area.
He further argues that the reliance on Knotts was inappropriate, as GPS technology is so vastly superior to the beeper technology used in the 1980s. Whereas the technology used in Knotts required the police to maintain close, near visual, surveillance of the vehicle being tracked, there is no such requirement for GPS devices.